In general, Contact Bugles are used to solicit a response from another animal (when initiated by a bull) and to express a level of curiosity or interest
in another animal (when given as a response). Responses to Contact Bugles are most often vocal but can sometimes be physical, with other animals...

Dominant Bugles convey a sense of maturity, confidence, and/or potential dominance.

Dominant Bugles can be used to give cows the impression that the bull can protect them from harassment from aggressive immature bulls and/or
quickly and effectively breed them when they cycle into estrous. To oth...

In general, a "Check" Bugle is any bugle that starts, stops short somewhere mid-bugle, and either ends there, or restarts again somewhere in the middle
to end of the bugle, so that the entire vocalization ends up sounding "broken" rather than smooth and continuous. In essence, the bull "checks" h...

HIGH-PITCHED, FAST-PACED CHUCKLES
These chuckles convey a mild to moderate level of curiosity, interest and/or eagerness.

Each chuckle "note" gives a brief high-pitched squeak or squeal and then is either cut off during the exhale or falls immediately to a very short medium to
lower-pitched, bre...

Glunks are guttural "popping" noises made by bulls that sound somewhat similar to their name—glunk. Sometimes heard as a single "note" (glunk) and
sometimes as a double "note" (ga lunk), glunks can be delivered individually or in strings, and can range in volume from very quiet and almost inaudib...

Huffs are breathy sounds that sound exactly as the name implies—a "huff." Bulls "Huff" by accentuating the sound of air passing over their vocal chords and
through their windpipe as they breathe. Huffs can be delivered individually, or in strings, and can range in volume from very quiet and almos...

Moans are generally medium-pitched, drawn-out vocalizations that last one or more seconds in length. They can range from a single, monotone note, to
a slightly "wavy" sounding vocalization. Moans generally have a "clean" sounding tonal quality to them, and often end with "breathy" sounds as the b...

Whines are generally higher-pitched, drawn-out vocalizations that last one or more seconds in length. They can range from a single, monotone note, to
more of a "wavy" sounding vocalization. Whines often end with "breathy" sounds as the bull cuts off the vocalization. Often these are used to expre...

A Roar generally sounds like the name implies—a somewhat deep, "throaty" Roar. Roars are generally medium to low-pitched. They typically have a
raspy/"gravely" tonal quality and are drawn out so that they last one to two seconds in length. Roars are delivered with a moderate to substantial
force...